I. Political Economy of Tourism
1. Tourism and politics: Policy, Power, and Place, Colin Michael Hall. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1994, bibliogr., 238p. with index
Hall examines tourism from a political perspective. This book provides a basic analysis and methods of tourism politics which emphasize on the complex relationship between ideology, institutional arrangements, interest group, political stability and political interest and power and tourism planning and development. Level of analysis is ranged from international to the individual.
2. Governments and tourism, David Jeffries, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 2001, bilbiogr., 249p. with index
This book provides a good introduction to tourism development and planning by the state, international organizations, and other intergovernmental organizations and collaboration. The United States, France, and United Kingdom and the European Unions were used as the case studies.
3. National and regional tourism planning: Methodologies and case studies. World Tourism Organization London: Thomson Learning, 1994, bilbiogr., 305p. with index
This book is divided into two parts: methodologies and case studies. The methods include forms of tourism planning, policy considerations and structure planning, economic, environmental and socio-cultural considerations, institutional elements, market planning, monitoring and development funding. Emphasis is put on the integrated approach: balancing economic, environmental and socio-cultural factors, and achieving sustainable development. Case studies from most of developing countries are discussed.
4. Perspectives on tourism policy. Edited by Peter Johnson and Barry Thomas. London: Mansell, 1992, bibliogr., 240p. with index
Based on the international conference on tourism research held at Durham University, the editors combine papers on various issues concerning the analysis of tourism policy. The papers were grouped into four main groups: broad policy issues plus a detailed consideration of the relationship between tourism and environment; approaches to estimate the impact of tourism; economic impact of tourism; and analysis of the policy implications.
5. Tourism: Politics and public sector management. James Elliott. London and New York: Routledge, 1997, bibliogr., 280p. with index
The book deals with how governments manage and mismanage tourism. Under the framework of why, who, how and what, the author analyzes the link between the governments and tourism management. Public administration of tourism is becoming increasingly important for the state. The book discusses both principles and practices of public sector management regarding tourism industry. The principle is the justification of using power by the government. The practice is how public managers and their organizations behave at the different levels of government from federal and national to local.
6. Tourists, Migrant & Refugees: Population Movements in Third World Development. Milica Z. Bookman. Boulder, London: Lynne Rienner, 2006, bibliogr., 217p. with index
The book mainly focuses on “tourist-induced population movements”. Various issues are discussed: concept of tourism as a population movement and explains the nature of tourist-friendly LDCs; spatial distribution of economic activity that induces population movements; tourism as an engine of growth (case of Caprivi Strip); tourism and its impact on labor force; and globalization the spread of ideas and values. In order to see the impacts of tourists, migrant workers and refugees on local people, we need to take into consideration the quantity of contact, the nature of the contact, and the natural origin of the source of contact.
7. Tourism Public Policy, and the Strategic Management of Failure. William Revill Kerr. Amsterdam; Boston; Heidelberg; London; New York; Oxford; Paris; San Diego; San Francisco; Singapore; Sydney; Tokyo: Pergamon. 2003, bibliogr., 293 with index
The book deals with global tourism development and public policy, and the case study of Scottish tourism development. In part 1: Global tourism, the author provides a general overview of the emerging tourism industry and the response of the public sector from political science approaches and comparative studies of public policy approaches towards tourism from various countries. Part 2: Scottish Tourism, the author presents to case of Scottish tourism before and after devolution strategy.
8. Interconnected Worlds: Tourism in Southeast Asia. Edited by Peggy Teo, T.C. Chang, and K.C. Ho. Amsterdam; London; New York; Oxford; Paris; Shannon; Tokyo: Pergamon. 2001. xiv. 346 with index
The book presents the link between regionalism and tourism in Southeast Asia. There are five parts in the book: part 1: regional context; part 2: deterritorialization and new regionalisms; part 3: reinventing tradition in an interconnected world; part 4: acting as one in ecotourism; part 5: potentials and problems.
II. Anthropology and Sociology of Tourism
9. Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (second edition). Edited by Valene L. Smith. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylovania Press. 1989, bibliogr., 341p. with index
The first edition of the book was in 1977. This book contributes to the academic discipline of tourism and provides basic theories on tourism study mainly from an anthropological vantage point. Case studies are discussed to understand more about the nature of tourism and its impacts on social structure.
10. Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism issues of the 21st Century. Co-edited by Valene L. Smith and Maryann Brent. New York; Sydney; Tokyo: Cognizant Communication Corporation. 2001. bibliogr., 462 with index
Updating the previous book on Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, the co-editors provide a more comprehensive and valuable source for the study of tourism from an anthropological perspective. After the introduction chapter, there are five sections within which there are some case studies. These sections are: Stone age to star trek; Nature of tourism; Changes and impacts; Sustainability; Culture brokers; Issues of the 21st Century.
11. The Sociology of Tourism. Edited by Yiorgos Apostolopoulos, Stella Leivadi and Andres Yiannakis. London and New York: Routledge. 1996, 358p. with index
The papers in this book contain a useful theoretical and methodological baseline for the analysis of the motives, behavior, and experiences of tourists and their impacts on the local people and institutions. The book presents the lack of tourism research and justifies tourism studies to be an academic discipline. The papers are divided into seven parts: part 1: Towards a sociological understanding of contemporary tourism; part 2: The tourism system and individual; part 3: Structure of social inequality in the tourism system; part 4: Tourism, underdevelopment and dependency; part 5: Tourism and social institutions; part 6: Tourism and social change; part 7: Towards a “new” sociology of tourism. In overall, the compilation of works can be used as the main texts for tourism class.
12. Tourism and Migration: New relationships between production and consumption. Edited by C. Michael Hall and Allan M. Williams. Dordrecht; Boston; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2002. 289p.
This book presents a linkage between tourism and migration within the context of people movement. Following an extended introductory chapter by the editors, the book can be divided into three parts: part 1: chapters 2 to 5 examine issues of labor migration; part 2: chapters 6 to 10 examine consumption-related migration; and part 3: chapters 11 to 14 examine issues arising from visiting friends and relations tourism (VFR). The final chapter the editors highlight some main points and challenges in understanding the tourism-relations nexus.
13. The Tourist. A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Dean MacCannell. Foreword by Lucy R. Lippard. Epilogue by the Author. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 1999. xxvii. 231p. with index
This book examines the role of tourists in modern society. Social theories for example Marxism are feminism are used to explain the linkages between modernity and tourism. The issues of methods are also discussed. Two important arguments can be withdrawn from the book: “The rhetoric of tourism is full of manifestations of the importance of the authenticity of the relationship between tourists and what they see.” (p.14); “Tourist attractions are signs” which mean sight, marker, and tourist are interconnected within the framework of tourist perception of the place (pp.109-133).
14. Tourism Behaviour: Travellers’ Decisions and Actions. Roger St George March and Arch G. Woodside. Wallingford (UK); Cambridge (US): CABI Publishing. 2005. 280p. bibliogr. with index
This book provides a useful analysis of linkages between individuals’ and household thinking and travel behavior. The book is divided into two parts: Part 1: three chapters on theories of tourism behavior (Ecological systems in lifestyle, leisure and travel behaviour; qualitative comparative analysis of travel and tourism purchase-consumption systems; Holistic case-based modeling of customers’ thinking-doing destination choice). Part 2: Eight chapters build and examine a theory comparing leisure traveler plans and behavior.
15. The tourist experience: A new introduction. Edited by Chris Ryan. London:Cassel. 1997. xv. 235p. bibliogr. with index
The papers in the book analyze the perceptions and experiences of tourists. Several topics are discussed: the chase of a dream, the end of a play; similar motivations- diverse behaviors; from motivation to assessment; vital encounters: when tourists contact travel agents; making or breaking the tourist experience: the role of human resource management; urban tourism: analyzing and evaluating the tourist experience; special event motivations and behavior; memories of the beach; heritage tourism under post-modernity: truth and the past; ‘the time of our lives’ or time for our lives: an examination of time in holidaying.
16. Cross-Cultural Behaviour in Tourism: Concepts and Analysis. Yvette Reisinger and Lindsay W Turner. Oxford; Amsterdam; Boston; London; New York; Paris; San Diego; San Francisco; Singapore; Sydney; Tokyo: Butterworth Heinemann. 2003. 337p. bibliogr. with index
This book is good source for understanding tourism and cross-cultural impacts. Four main parts of the book (concepts of cross-cultural behavior in tourism; methods for cross-cultural analysis in tourism; applications of cultural analysis in tourism; conclusion) provide a background analysis of, methods for, and application of social theory in tourism study. The book can be used as a text book in tourism and culture study.
17. Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture, Consumption. Kevin Meethan. New York: Palgrave. 2001. x. 214p. bibliogr. with index
The main argument of the book is “Tourism is part of the process of commodification (or commoditization) and consumption inherent in modern capitalism” (p.4). Tourism is a global process and dynamic. This book provides basic theories on tourism study within the context of “modernity”. Tourism shapes a “tourist space” and this result in a “symbolic economy of space”.
- three approaches to define authenticity: objective definition of authenticity is applied in situations where the provenance of an artifact needs to be established as in, for example, museums. Constructive definition of authenticity is defined in terms of “beliefs, perspectives, powers” or in other words authenticity is a matter of negotiation, or ascribed meanings. Existential definition of authenticity relates to experiences at an individual level. The meanings of commodities are not fixed, but open to reinterpretation at both an individual and social level. (pp.94-95)
- “tradition is a term used to justify all manner of social practices and institutions on the commonsense basis that, having survived for a number of years, they therefore possess some intrinsic value for the culture in which they are located.” (p.95)
- “by labeling an object, building or site as part of the heritage, it is elevated above the mundane into a symbol of a nation, or people” (p.99)
- “Notions of authenticity and its manifestation as heritage then are closely connected to idea of the nation state, and perhaps to competing claims from different social or religious groupings as much as to the development of local and regional economies or a sense of distinctiveness.” (p.102)
- “heritage is as much a political as an economic resource which may also act as a market of identity” (p.107)
- “culture is commodified in a way analogous to the logic of the post-Fordist political economy. Does this then mean that, like the political economy, it is footloose, globalised and deterritorialised?” (p.119)
- “tourism may appear to be a prime mechanism by which cultural influence are diffused and assimilated as it involves the large-scale movement of people from place to place, often involving the crossing of national boundaries. It also involves people consuming narratives of place, which encapsulate certain cultural values, regardless of whether or not these are populist or elitist. Even at a superficial level then, tourism involves some form of ‘culture’ contact” (p.119)
- “culture needs to conceptualized as a dynamic process of creating and sustaining symbolic meanings, which cannot be reduced to a set of essences linked to either people or place, although within the tourist system, cultures are presented as such” (p.135)
18. Sex Tourism: Marginal people and liminalities. Co-authored by Chris Ryan and Michael C. Hall. London and New York: Routledge. 2001. xviii. bibliogr. 169p. with index
The book presents a comprehensive picture of sex tourism from macro to micro level. This is a must read book for those who are interested in doing research on “Sex tourism”. It provides a research method by which the study can be conducted. The study uses socio-psychological theories to examine and analyze the cases. The goal of the book is to “Remove some of the marginality from the lives of some, and yet in cases where women are degraded and exploited” and the main argument can be put as “The marginalities are not those inherent in the status of ‘sex worker’ but arise from an abuse of economic and cultural power” (p.xv).
19. Global Tourism and Informal Labour Relations: The Small-Scale Syndrome at Work. Godfrey Baldacchino. London and Washington: Mansell, 1997, bibliogr., 252p. with index
Based on his doctoral studies (part of the dissertation) University Warwick, England, the author analyzes the impact of global tourism on informal labor relations in Malta, small-scale state Island. Global tourism maps out its human resource management territory. “The world is a single place and the global actor is its architect” (p.186). It is proposed that there should be a space for local participation in the management.
20. Tourism: The State of the Art. Edited by A. V. Seaton. Chichester. New York; Brisbane; Toronto; Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. 1998. xxiii. 867p.
This big volume provides a useful source for understanding various issues in tourism studies and its methods on doing research on tourism. The volume is separated into seven parts: tourism and development; the tourism industry; tourism marketing and research; tourism, the public sector and Scotland; tourism and human resource management; Tourism and the environment; tourism and society.
21. Recreational Tourism: A Social Science Perspective. Chris Ryan. London and New York: Routledge. 1991.xi. 227p. with index
This is a good textbook for tourism study. The book provides the explanation on the determinant factors of the demand side of traveling in the second chapter then moves to discuss the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of tourists in chapter 2 and 3. Chapters 4, 5, 6 analyze the impacts of tourism in three aspects- the economic impacts of tourism, the ecological impacts of tourism, and the social and cultural impact of tourism. Chapter 7 focuses on marketing issues in tourism. “The demand for tourism is determined by a number of economic, psychological and social factors” (p.34). “The tourist experience is dependent upon many factors, including: a). needs of the tourist for authenticity; b). needs of the tourist to be accepted by the host community; c). the ability of the tourist to learn and to adapt to the ‘tourist environment’; d). the gap between expectations and perceived reality.” (p.49).
III. Tourism and local community development
22. Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. Co-edited by Derek Hall and Greg Richards. London and New York: Routledge. 2000. xvii. bibliogr. 314p. with index
The book presents an interrelationship between tourism and local community development. After the introduction to the concept of community and sustainable tourism, the book is grouped into 4 parts. Part 1 deals with community participation and identity; Part 2 concerns with the role of community in sustaining tourism; Part 3 copes with the local enterprises and tourism; Part 4 analyses the impacts of tourism on rural community development; In each part some case studies are also presented. The book concluded with the summaries of the cases of each part.
23. Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues. Co-edited by Richard Sharpley and David J. Telfer. Clevedon; Buffalo; Toronto; Sydney: Channel View Publications. 2002. viii, bibliogr. 397p. with index
The book deals with the relationship between tourism and development studies. This is an attempt to combine these two fields of studies- tourism and development- into interdisciplinary theories and methods. The book is separated into three parts: Part 1: introduces the concept of development and establishes the relationship between development theories and tourism theory. Part2 explores the relationship between development and tourism. Part3 introduces some barriers to tourism development.
24. Empowerment for Sustainable Tourism Development. Trevor H.B. Sofield. Amsterdam; Lausanne; New York; Oxford; Shannon; Singapore; Tokyo: PERGAMON. 2003. x. bibliogr. 401p. with index
The book considers empowerment is vital for sustainable tourism development. Several case studies are discussed in the book using multidimensional approaches especially field works. The structure of the book is: Introduction, tourism and development: theories and relationships; what is empowerment; tourism development in the South Pacific; International cooperation or disguised dependency? The South Pacific Region; empowerment at the National Level: Solomon Islands; empowerment and disempowerment at the village level: Anuha island resort, Solomon Islands; empowerment and sustainability through village ownership: the Ghol, Anuatu; sustainability through empowerment and an adaptive response: Mana island resort, Fiji; Tourism development, sustainability, and empowerment.
25. Tourism for Development: Empowering Communities. Regina Scheyvens. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. 2002. xvii. Bibliogr. 273p. with index
The book gives the reader with a basic understanding of tourism for development particularly in developing countries. There are three parts in the book: tourism and development: a contentious relationship; the search for appropriate forms of tourism; promoting development through tourism. The book provides that “tourism can facilitate rather than impede development, particularly from the perspective of Third World communities” (p.233). The book recommends that in order to enhance community benefits from tourism they should promote empowerment, encourage active participation, identify both tangible and intangible benefits of tourism, share the benefits and costs of tourism, support diverse livelihood options, develop positive relationship between communities and other tourism stakeholders (pp.238-345)
26. Contemporary issues in Tourism Development. Edited by Douglas G. Pearce and Richard W. Butler. London and New York: Routledge in association with the International Academy for the Study of Tourism. 1999. ix. 277p. with index
The papers in the book give another perspective on looking at tourism development. Many issues are introduced in the book, including tourism development as a tool for urban revitalization, heritage conservation, regional development, community participation, sustainability and the adverse impacts of tourism development. The book is a useful source for tourism researchers to understand some important methods in doing research.
27. Tourism and Regional Development: New Pathways. Edited by Maria Giaoutzi and Peter Nijkamp. Aldershot, England: ASHGATE. x, 311p. with index
The papers in the book present a new way of looking at tourism industry. The book includes the modern information and communication technology to the currently discourse on tourist behaviors caused by economic affluence and leisure society. There are three main parts in the book: tourism, regional development and communication technology; methodological advances in tourism research (quantitative data analysis); and policy strategy for tourism.
IV. Cultural Heritage Tourism
28. Culture, Tourism and Development. Edited by Ullrich Kockel. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 1994. 1999p.
The book is about local perspectives on cultural tourism in Ireland. Regional identity, culture and development are the main theme of the discussion. The book is divided into three parts: tourism and development in Ireland; Issues of heritage and tourism; and Community impacts of tourism.
29. Cultural Tourism: The Partnership between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management. Bob McKercher and Hilary du Cros. New York; London; Oxford: The Haworth Hospitality Press. 2002. 262p. bibliogr. with index
The book can be used as a textbook for “Cultural tourism” class given it gives a good introduction to cultural tourism through definitions, concepts and the complex relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management. The book not only looks into cultural management per se but also economic management in order to have a sustainable cultural tourism.
- “Cultural tourists want to consume a variety of cultural experiences. To facilitate this consumption, cultural heritage assets must be transformed into cultural tourism products. The transformation process actualizes the potential of the assest by converting it into something that the tourist can utilize.” (p.8)
- “the emergence of cultural tourism as a fashionable tourism activity presents both opportunities and threats to its sustainable management” (p.11)
- “It is not surprising that tourism and cultural heritage management view each other with suspicion, for they share little in common apart from their resource base. Each discipline evolved independently with different core ideologies and values, to serve different sets of stakeholders, different political masters, achieve different objectives, and perform significantly different roles in society. Tourism industry professionals value cultural assets as raw materials for their products to generate tourism activity and wealth. Cultural heritage management professionals value the same assets for their intrinsic merits.” (p.13)
- “many tourists want ‘authenticity’ but not necessarily reality. Authenticity is a social construct that is determined in part by the individual’s own knowledge and frame of reference. Many tourists are interested in cultural heritage but most have minimal knowledge about the past. As such, they may have traveled to have their stereotypical or romantic images of a destination reinforced or possibly challenged, depending on their political leaning” (p.40)
- “each heritage asset will have its own meaning, cultural significance, and will also be place in different social or cultural contexts. These conditions mean that each asset must be considered individually in relation to its physical and cultural robusticity.” (p.56-7)
- “cultural heritage managers recognize that key stakeholders include host communities or cultural groups that live near a heritage asset or are attached to it culturally, schools and universities that use it as a resource, government heritage authorities that may be responsible for managing it, and commercial users, such as the tourism industry” (p.57)
30. Tourism, Heritage and National Culture in Java. Heidi Dahles. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. 2001. Xvii. 257p. bibligr.
Based on ethnological approach, the book investigates the tourism development in Yogyakarta under Indonesian national tourism policies and politics of the New Order regime. Tourism was used by the government to improve the international image of Indonesia. Moreover, tourism was used by the New Order government to communicate images of Indonesia as a culturally sophisticated and economically advanced nation. The tourism introduces two types of development: “modernization” of “disneyfication” for the local tourists and “ethnification” for foreign tourists. Some tourist attractions and interpretation were developed or initiated beyond the governmental plans. This changed the tourist experience and image of what the central government expected.
31. Bali: Cultural Tourism and Tourist Culture. Michel Picard (English translation by Dianna Darling). Singapore: Archipelago Press. 1996. 231p. bibliogr. with index
The book provides a comprehensive description and analysis of the tourism development of Bali and its impacts on the local socioeconomic and culture. There are two parts: part 1: The touristification of Bali and part 2: The Balinese culture under the challenges of tourism.
The book concludes that “cultural tourism” in Bali had become “touristic culture” which means that tourism contributed to the “cultural renaissance” of Bali.
32. Bali and Beyond: Explorations in the anthropology of tourism. Shinji Yamashita. Translated with an introduction by J.S. Eades. 2003. xix, 175p. with bibliogr. and index
The book, based on the conceptual framework of “narratives of emergence”, examines and analyses the impacts of tourism on cultural innovations or reconstruction in Bali and other three cases in Toraja on Java, “Cannibal Tours” adventure in Papua New Guinea, Yono, northern of Japan.
There are three main parts in the book:
Part 1: Tourism and anthropology
“With the progress of globalization today, tourism has become a phenomenon of enormous importance” (p.3)
Chapter 1: tourism and cultural production: An anthropological perspective
Tourism is a window through which cultural changes can been seen.
Tourism study is one of the main parts of cultural anthropology. It would be incomplete to study the traditional culture in one area and ignore the presence of tourists.
Chapter 2: space and time under the tourist gaze
This chapter provides an overview of the birth of tourism (because of modernity), tourist space (railway in Europe in the 19th century, 1830s there was a first railway from Manchester to Liverpool), mass tourism (1841 Thomas Cook charted a train from Leicester to Loughborough to take 485 participants to a temperance meeting; 1851 Cook scored a great success by arranging a trip to the Great Exhibition in London), tourist time (by the second half of the 19th century, leisure time increases), tourist experience (search for authenticity by MacCannel 1976, pseudo-events, tourists just follow the guidebook, by Danniel Boorstin 1963, Cohen provides more types of journey and travellers including ‘recreational mode’, ‘diversionary mode’, ‘experimental mode’, ‘experiential mode’, ‘existential mode’), the recognition of the world through tourism (‘this way of perceiving the world by connecting parts of it, which are separated by space and times, may be regarded as the development of a new form of consciousness of the world, resulting form the tourist gaze which has developed along with the world capitalist economy’, p.20), the importance of tourism research (‘research on tourism today must be taken into account and it is one of the most important areas for students of culture’, p.22)
Part 2: Tourism in Bali
Chapter 3: The creating of “paradise” under the Dutch colonial system (pp.25-41)
The chapter concludes that Balinese cultural products were created by the Dutch protectorate.
Chapter 4: Cultural tourism policy and the Indonesian nation-state (pp.42-56)
Tourism and culture are interconnected (Picard and Wood 1997)
Sukarno, the first president and founder of the state, and Suharto, second president from 1968-1998 both directed their policy on development and promotion of regional and national cultures.
“from the point of view of the national unity of Indonesia, it is undesirable to emphasize ethnic cultures and so they recognize not as the cultures of particular ethnic groups, but as the regional cultures of particular provinces” (p.44) these performances represent the ‘peaks’ of the culture of each region.
“Balinese provincial government plays a major role in the creating of Balinese culture today” (p.45)
“The regional culture of Bali today is therefore not something that simply functions within regional society, but is something that exists through competition, grading and training” (p.46)
Under the Five year development initiated in 1969, tourism was seen as an important source of foreign exchange earnings and ten important regions were selected for the development. (p.52)
There is a link between tourism and nationalism.
“Balinese ethnic or regional culture is being continually recreated within the framework of Indonesian cultural policy, through the devices of contests and training” (p.55)
“Balinese people have created a local identity for themselves through Balinese tourism” (p.56)
Chapter 5: contemporary Hinduism in Bali: between state and tourism (pp.57-71)
Chapter 6: Staging paradise: the development of touristic culture
With the introduction of mass tourism into Bali from the 1970s, many of the Balinese officials began to worry about ‘cultural pollution’, thirty years later, cultural tourism had developed so successful.
Chapter 7: Japanese and Balinese tourism: brides heading for the Island of the Gods (pp.87-101)
The chapter provided an interesting account on Japanese tourist behavior and their decision to stay in Bali through international marriages.
Chapter 8: Alternative tourism: New development (pp.102-110)
“integrated tourist village” was introduced to promote sustainable tourism on the island. All should benefit from tourism.
“Sustainable tourism can be defined as development which will benefit the people of today without harming the resources to be shared by future generations or their prosperity. In other words, it is promotion of development that maintains a balance between ecosystem, society and culture.” (p.107)
Part 3: Beyond Bali
Chapter 9: Manipulating ethnic tradition: Tourism among the Toraja of Indonesia (pp.113-127)
Globalization and the disappearance of boundaries affect Toraja despite its relatively marginal position with Indonesia.
Examining the Puang Mengkendek’s funeral, the study found that the traditional customs are recreated.
Chapter 10: The ‘Cannibal Tours” Adventure: Sepik River tourism in Papua New Guinea
The author presented the artificial landscapes of the tour trip. “the local perform the role of primitives, just as the travelers perform the role of intrepid explorer as they make their way up the river.” “rather than looking for authenticity in the tourist experience, they look for enjoyment in just the opposite” (p.136)
Chapter 11: House of Folklore: Tourism in Yono, northern of Japan (pp.138-151). The author identified the recreation of local culture in the face of tourism
Chapter 12: Between the global and the local: learning form the anthropology of tourism
“what cultural anthropology today should illuminate is the realm which lied between the global and the local” (p.148)
“tourism is not just a commercial activity, but rather that it is also closely linked to the production of culture in the contemporary world.” (p.148)
33. Destinations: Cultural Landscapes of Tourism. Edited by Greg Ringer. London and New York: Routledge. 1998. 180p. bibliogr. with index
The book presents a useful account on tourism and geography in which physical and social landscape of the tourist destinations are shaped to some extent by tourism. The papers are categorized into two main part: part 1 on the tourist landscape and part 2 on destinations in Indonesia, Canadian Rockies, Canada’s eastern Artic, Scotland, Pacific rim, and Finnish Lapland.
34. Tourists in Historic Towns: Urban Conservation and Heritage Management. Aylin Orbasli. London and New York: E & FN SPON (Taylor & Francis Group). 2000. 210p. bibliogr. with index
The book examines the historic towns in both developed and developing countries. The focus is the wealth of historic cities in Western and Eastern Europe and in the Mediterranean region. The book brings about conservation, management of heritage assets within the framework of tourism development.
35. Tourism and Culture: An Applied Perspective. Edited by Erve Chambers. New York: State University of New York Press. 1997.221p. with index
The papers in this edited book provide a broader anthropological aspect on tourism study. The center of the discussion is about challenging the observation that tourism is predominantly dominated by a relationship between the hosts and guests. It should be taken into consideration a wider context because not all local residents or hosts are really participating in or interacting with or benefiting from the tourists/travelers or guests.
36. Tourist’s Experience of Place. Jaakko Suvantola. Hamsphire, England: Ashgate. 297p. bibliogr. with index
This book looks at tourists’ experience from a humanistic approach or humanistic geography. The method is based on the author’s personal traveling experiences to some countries and parts of the world. The book provides that tourist’s experience of place has a connection with the Other. The Other is defined through our concepts and categories meanwhile the Other is used to define ourselves. This duality is necessary to understand the world. The concept of Other and the place it occupies is used to define ourselves not merely a commodified product for tourist consumption (pp.273-274).
37. The Tourist-Historic City: Retrospect and Prospect of Managing the Heritage City. G.J. Ashworth and J.E. Tunbridge. Amsterdam; Lausanne; New York; Oxford; Shannon; Singapore; Tokyo: PERGAMON. 2000. xii. 333p. bibliogr. with index
This book provides a management perspective on heritage tourist city in Europe. Concept of tourist city, modeling the tourist-historic city, uses and users of the tourist city, planning, management and marketing of the tourist city, the management of monofunctional tourist-historic cities, the management of tourist-historic elements in large multifunctional cities, the management of tourist-historic elements in medium-sized multifunctional cities, and values and issues of tourist city management are presented.
38. Glover, Ian C. (2003). National and political uses of archeology in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and the Malay World. 31(89). pp.16-30
Preservation of the archeological sites has a political function in order to promote nationalism. Southeast Asian states are using heritage tourism as the national pride, national integration, and education. But it may also create a sense of xenophobia and political manipulation.
39. Putra, I Nyoman Darma and Hitchcock, Michael (2005). Pura Besakih: A world heritage site contested. Indonesia the Malay World. 33(96). pp. 225-237
The study discussed the failed nomination of the complex of Pura Besakih in Bali. Two reasons are provided to explain this: lack of clarity regarding the functions of the temple and conflict of interest between the local people and the national government. The clan groups continue to exercise their rights over the temples. Local governors support the interest of the local people for political benefits not try to protect the heritage sites.
40. Warick Frost (2004). Braveheart-ed Ned Kelly: Historic films, heritage tourism and destination image. Tourism Management 27, 247-254
Four patterns emerge from the study. First, the interest generated is story-based rather than visually-based. Second, historic films are constrained by the need to follow historic conventions, particularly accurate portrayals of clothing, buildings, customs and artefacts. Third, historic films have the potential to carry the appeal of a story and a destination well beyond local markets. Fourth, historic films may reinforce other sources of information about the past and this in turn may further develop the destination image. Finally, the case of Ned Kelly illustrates that the influence of historic film on tourism may be evolutionary rather than revolutionary.
41. Prideaux, Bruce (2002). Creating rural heritage visitor attractions- the Queensland heritage trails project. International Journal of Tourism Research 4, 313-323
The study examines the development of rural heritage tourism in Queensland. Some factors are raised to explain the difficulties of realizing the trails project. The factors are the distance of the heritage site to the center, initial neglect of analyzing the demand and supply (the issue of oversupply), and other issues relating to funding.
42. Pechlaner, Harald (2000). Cultural heritage and destination management in the Mediterranean. Thunderbid International Business Review. 42(4), 409-426
In developing intra-regional tourism product, it faces the problem of balancing the satisfaction of tourists and cooperation among individual countries in the Mediterranean region. There are differences in identities between the countries. So it is necessary to integrate cultural tourist product and services in order to attract tourists.
43. Caffyn, Alison; Lutz, Jane (1999). Developing the heritage tourism product in multi-ethnic cities. Tourism Management 20, 213-221
The paper discusses the issues of heritage tourism management in a multi-ethnic city, Soho house, City of Brimingham, UK. The study recommends that there should balance economic and social goal, socially included especially response to the needs of the minority ethnic groups, and incorporate with the new European identity.
44. Adams, Kathleen M. (2003). The politics of heritage in Tana Toraja, Indonesia: Interplaying the local and the global. Indonesia and the Malay World 31(89). pp.91-107
The Tonraja village of Kete Kesu is a Dutch colonial heritage and now is a tourist product. The Tonraja become the world heritage in 2001. “The emergence of heritage sites is not a ‘natural’ process, but rather one borne out of complex exchanges, competitions and collaborations between local groups, as well as national and international entities.” (p.103)
45. Picard, Michael (2003). Touristification and Balinization in a time of Reformasi. Indonesia and the Malay World 31(89). pp.108-118
Bali has been famous among tourists since 1920s but tourists started to flood into Bali from the early 1970s after the Indonesian government opened the country to tourism in 1969. Reformasi is a law on regional autonomy. It was promulgated in 1999 but implemented in 2001. This devolution policy does not provide a clear boundary of governance between the local and central government. Security issues and megaprojects development are the difficulties. “In order to implement a truly community-based tourism the local people should be given greater participatory space, and accordingly, government bodies should be willing to work hand-in-hand with NGOs” (p.113).
46. Allerton, Catherine (2003). Authentic housing, authentic culture? Transforming a village into a ‘tourist site’ in Manggarai, Eastern Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World 31(89). pp.119-128
The paper demonstrates the efforts of central and local government and people in promoting tourism in Manggarai, Indonesia. The village has been transformed from an untouched to a tourist site in which local people are trying to created their cultural identity through woven baskets, sarongs, and drum houses although so far tourism does not impact much the local economy.
47. Erb, Maribeth (2003). ‘Uniting the bodies and cleaning the village’: Conflicts over local heritage in a globalizing world. Indonesia and the Malay World 31(89). pp. 129-139
The paper discusses the cultural conflict over possessing the ritual and its various meanings of cultural roots of the Penti event in Manggarai (Penti event is a ritual of the new year Manggarai 2001 specifically attached to the place). There is also a land conflict in Labuan Bajo.
48. Nuranti, W. (1996). Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 23, Number 2, 1996, pp. 249-260(12)
The complex relationships between tourism and heritage are revealed in the tensions between tradition and modernity. The role of heritage in postmodern tourism is examined, particularly built heritage, which is at the heart of cultural tourism. Four challenging issues in linking heritage and tourism are discussed: interpretation, marketing built heritage, planning for heritage, and the interdependencies between heritage tourism and the local community. Differences in approaches to the four issues indicate that heritage tourism raises more than planning and management issues for developing countries; they are fundamentally the problems of development.
49. Garrod B.; Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 27, Number 3, July 2000, pp. 682-708(27)
This article discusses the findings of a Delphi survey of owners and managers of historic properties, officers of heritage-based organizations, consultants, and academics from across the United Kingdom. The fundamental mission of heritage attractions; the factors which impact upon decisions relating to charging for tourist entry; and the perceptions of heritage managers as to the respective roles of such attractions and public agencies in funding tourism management and heritage conservation programs are potential strategies for moving heritage tourism toward sustainability.
50. Johnson, Nuala C. (1999). Framing the past: Time, space and the politics of heritage tourism in Ireland. Political Geography 18 (1999) 187-207
The paper addresses the relationship between time and space in the development of heritage attractions in Ireland, and emphasizes the mechanisms through which space is privileged over time in a manner that loses sight of the complexities of localised historical processes. This argument is illustrated through the example of an open-air museum which focuses on the display of material culture independent of the historical contingencies of its creation. By contrast, an examination of a stately home, opened to the public by an independent trust, demonstrates how the past can be provocatively explored to a mass audience by being anchored in local historical geography and eschewing an approach that reifies local events into national processes.
51. Light, Duncan (2000). Gazing on communism: heritage tourism and post-communist identities in Germany, Hungary and Romania. Tourism Geography 2(2), 157-176
While the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe are seeking to construct new, post-communist identities (a process in which tourism can play a signi.cant part), this project is frustrated by tourists’ interest in the ‘heritage’ of communism. Through consideration of three case studies of communist heritage tourism (the Berlin Wall, Budapest’s Statuepark, and Bucharest’s ‘House of the People’) the paper examines the strategies which different countries (Germany, Hungary and Romania) have adopted to negotiate and accommodate such tourism without compromising post-communist identities.
52. Shackel, Paul A. (2005). Local identity, national memory, and heritage tourism: Creating a sense of place with archaeology. Illinois Antiquity 40(3), pp.24-28
“Heritage tourism can have a tremendous impact on a community’s history and economy. Discussion of heritage must deal with issues of sustainability in order to determine how best to utilize the resource for the enjoyment of future generations. Tourism can also change the local meaning of the place, as some histories are seen as having a broader appeal while other histories may be subverted. Community support and involvement in how the past is presented, as well as understanding the economic impact of the tourism industry, is necessary for any heritage tourism project” (pp.25-26)
53. Strauss, Charles H. and Lord, Bruce E. (2001). Economic impacts of a heritage tourism system. Journal of retailing and consumer services 8, pp.199-204
The investments in heritage tourism development projects in Southwestern Pennsylvania have shown a good income due to the increase of visitors to these sites. The cumulative sales impacts were $470 millions.
54. Cole, Denise (2000). Exploring the sustainability of mining heritage tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 12(6), pp.480-494
The paper argues that the transformation of coal mine sites into industrial heritage tourist sites is efficient for sustainable development objectives.
54. Henderson, Joan C. (2002). Heritage attractions and tourism development in Asia: A comparative study of Hong Kong and Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research 4, pp.337-344
Heritage tourism evolves political, economic and social dynamics. “Heritage attractions can assist in the exploration, discovery and assertion of national and cultural identities” (p.343)
55. Pletinckx, Daniel; Silberman, Neil; Callebaut, Dirk (2003). Heritage presentation through interactive storytelling: A new multimedia database approach. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 14, pp.225-231
The Interactive Storytelling Technology has a potential to be as a “robust, flexible and effective method for conveying heritage presentations to the general public at archeological sites, monuments and historical landscape areas.” (p.230)
56. Poria, Yaniv; Reichel, Arie; Avital, Biran (2006). Heritage site mangement: Motivations and expectations. Annals of Tourism Research 33(1), pp.162-178
The paper investigates the relationship between tourists, their behaviors, and heritage. The paper presents a positive correlation between tourist perception of the heritage sites and their visits to the sites.
57. Boswell, Rosabelle (2005). Heritage tourism and identity in the Mauritian villages of Chamarel and Le Morne. Journal of Southern African Studies 31(2), pp.283-295
Tourism has changed the social landscape of Chamarel and Le Morne. The expansion of tourist attractions risk damaging the assets and loss of authenticity. “In the long term…attempts at cultural homogenization may have real, material effects in that they might destroy the means for sustainable livelihoods.” (p.295)
58. Jolliffe, Lee; Smith, Ronnie (2001). Heritage, tourism and museums: The case of the North Atlantic islands of Skye, Scotland and Prince Edward Island, Canada. International Journal of Heritage Studies 7(2), pp. 149-172
The paper explores the relationship between tourism and museums and analyses their roles in relation to heritage. Tourism and museums are the two elements of heritage tourism development.
59. Brink, Peter H. (1998). Heritage tourism in the USA: Grassroots efforts to combine preservation and tourism. APT Bulletin 29(3/4), pp.59-63
“Using heritage tourism as a preservation strategy in communities in the US is providing many benefits, while significant opportunities and risks remain” (p.59)
60. Corkern, Wilton (2004). Heritage tourism: Where public and history don’t always meet. American Studies International. June-October 2004, Vol. XLII, Nos. 2&3, pp.7-16
“Heritage tourism does not present a version of history that is dirty or controversial. It does not challenge the conventional wisdom. It does not rely on the latest and best scholarship in the field. Instead, it is pabulum, based more or less (usually) less on history” (p.10) “Visitors seek authenticity. Too often they have to settle for comfort. The challenge of heritage tourism is to become a nexus between recreating and scholarship- the place where the “public” in public history meets the “history” in public history” (p.15)
61. Ballesteros, Esteban Ruiz; Ramirez, Macarena Hernandez (2007). Identity and community- Reflections on the development of mining heritage tourism in Southern Spain. Tourism Management 28, pp.677-687
“There is a tendency to think that the main explanatory factors in order to understand the development of heritage tourism (as for any type of tourism) are the market, its generation of demand, and the intervention of the State. Without denying their irrefutable influence, our research shows that endogenous factors of the host societies must also be taken into account in order to explain more thoroughly why heritage tourism has developed in some areas and not in others. However, we go beyond a simple consideration of the generation of tourism offer within the market. Certain models of local identity and the development of specific community discourses undoubtedly condition the possibility and success of the tourism offer. Tourism affects and constructs identities, but identities can also construct or obstruct tourism.” (p.685)
62. Hospers, Gert-Jan (2002). Industrial heritage tourism and regional restructuring in the European Union. European Planning Studies 10(3), pp.397-404
Industrial heritage attractions in Europe contribute to regional economic development but more economic activities besides tourism should also be initiated and expanded in order to create more incomes for the local people.
63. Laws, Eric and Pelley, Barbara Le (2000). Managing complexity and change in tourism: The case of a historic city. International Journal of Tourism Research 2, pp.229-246
“It is becoming increasingly important for destinations to control the effects of tourism and to implement policies designed to gain the most benefit while minimising the harmful consequences that result from tourist activity. In particular, the consequences for other stakeholders, including local residents and businesses, need to be made explicit if tourism is to be sustainable as the basis for continuing economic and cultural development in historic walled cities. This begins with a clear analysis of the specific issues and characteristics in a particular destination as a basis for a coherent, systematic view of the various policies to resolve them.” (p.443)
64. Austin, Nathan K. (2002). Managing heritage attractions: Marketing challenges at sensitive historical sites. International Journal of Tourism Research 4, 447-457
The study presented main challenges in marketing the sensitive historical sites. These challenges are the complex interrelationships between and among visitors, site managers, local government and residents in relation to the drafting and implementing of a suitable marketing strategy; understanding of the emotions of visitors and other stakeholders, market targets and site entrance pricing.
Marketing of heritage sites is of great responsibility. If successful, we preserve our physical patrimony for future generations whilst ensuring social inclusion and access for all; if unsuccessful, we risk the alienation or even destruction of irreplaceable assets.
65. Confer, John C. and Kerstetter, Deborah L. (2000). Past Perfect: Explorations of Heritage Tourism. Research Update, February 2000, pp.28-38
“Heritage tourists are motivated more by a search for heritage experiences than by a detailed interest in factual history…Heritage tourists to be attracted to tourism destinations primarily for the “atmosphere” and ambiance associated with site, not for history.” (p.28)
66. Chhabra, Deepak; Healy, Robert; Sills, Erin (2003). Staged authenticity and heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 30(3), pp.702-719
Staging involves movement of cultural products from one place to another and modifications adapting to new conditions of time and place. Heritage tourism depends much on the staging of cultural products. Taking the case of the Flora Macdonald Scottish Highland Games event held in North Carolina (US), the study found that there is positive perception of authenticity although the event is staged in a place far from the original source of tradition.
67. McKercher, Bob; du Cros, Hilary (2003). Testing a cultural tourism typology. International Journal of Tourism Research 5, pp.45-58
The paper tests a cultural tourism typology based in the interface between centrality of cultural tourism as a trip motive and the depth of experience. Five types of cultural tourists are identified that represent five benefits-based segments.
68. Apostolakis, Alexandros (2003). The convergence process in heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 30(4), pp.795-812
-“The unique and at the same time collective nature of heritage resources meant that such attraction have developed into a “special” niche in the industry” (p.796)
- “The concept of authenticity is of pivotal significance in heritage tourism settings.” (p.801)
- the role of authenticity as a contemporary marketing tool, on tourism motivation and the image of the attraction is shown to be pivotal” (p.795)
69. Poria, Yaniv; Butler, Richar; Airey, David (2003). The core of heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 30(1), pp.238-254
The paper argues that “relationships among four groups of variables (personal characteristics, site attributes, awareness, perceptions) and behavior (before, during, and after) are investigated. The results indicate that the perceptions of a place as part of personal heritage is associated with the visitation patterns.” (p. 238)
“Heritage tourism as a phenomenon related to demand rather than to the artifacts presented.” (p.240)
70. Josiam, Bharath M.; Mattson, Melissa; Sullivan, Pauline (2004). The historaunt: Heritage tourism at Mickey’s Dining Car. Tourism Management 25, pp.453-461
“People traveling away from home have to eat! Restaurants have always been more than just a place to eat. Some restaurants provide not just food and beverages, but experiences. Some function as attractions within the tourism industry.” (p.453) Restaurants can play a role as heritage attraction.
71. Hall, C. Michael and Piggin, Rachel (2002). Tourism businesses knowledge of world heritage sites: A New Zealand case study. International Journal of Tourism Research 4, pp. 401-411
The paper investigates the linkages between tourism businesses at the Southwest New Zealand of Tongarino National Park World Heritage properties in New Zealand. Most of the tourism businesses are not aware of World Heritage and its associated values. This calls for more education for tourism business.
72. McKercher, Bob (2002). Towards a classification of cultural tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research 4, pp.29-38
“A cultural tourist is defined as someone who visits, or intends to visit, a cultural tourism attraction, art gallery, museum or historic site, attend a performance of festival, or participate in a wide range of other activities at any time during their trip, regardless of their main reason for traveling.” (p.30)
Two dimensions of cultural tourism are proposed: 1. the importance of cultural motives in the decision to visit a destination; 2. depth of experiences. Five market segmentations are identified.
73. Mazzanti, Massimiliano (2003). Valuing cultural heritage in a multi-attribute framework microeconomic perspectives and policy implications. Journal of Socio-Economics 32, pp.549-569
It is necessary to (i) value consumer preferences and consumer surplus for “innovations” in cultural services (associated to market and non-market benefits); (ii) assess what socio-economic variables are explanatory factors of latent preferences within the group of users.
The paper concludes “we may sketch the logical consequence stages of the integrated valuation analysis as follows: Identification of the issue (by decision makers and researchers)→setting up the valuation experiment→survey and data collection→ econometric analysis (instrumental)→WTP estimation (quantification)→economic (and financial) figures for attribute changes→feedbacks to decision making→investment and pricing strategies.” (p.567)
74. Johnson, Nuala C. (1996). Where geography and history meet: Heritage tourism and the big house in Ireland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86(3), pp.551-566
- “Interpretations of the past and popular conceptions of national cultural identity are inextricable.” (p. 551)
- “The big house is not merely a bogus symbolic center, but rather it is a center filled with contested meanings. The representation of the past at Strokestown Park House illustrates how this controversial element of the Irish landscape can be intelligently incorporated into popular understandings of the past” (p.564)
75. Caffyn, Alison; Lutz, Jane (1999). Developing the heritage tourism product in multi-ethnic cities. Tourism Management 20, pp.213-221
Several issues are raised regarding the management of the heritage tourism product in multi-ethnic cities.
There are physical problems of incorporating a site in a ‘marginal’ district of a city into the range of tourism attractions a city offers. (p.219)
“The dilemma over how to achieve effective participation with communities whose existing culture and heritage are very distant from the heritage being displayed, givers an added dimension to the issue of community involvement in tourism projects.” (p.220)
76. Laws, Eric (1998). Conceptualising visiting satisfaction management in heritage settings: an exploratory blueprinting analysis of Leeds Castle, Kent. Tourism Management 19(6), pp.545-554
Historic buildings are important tourist attractions. There are some problems in managing these buildings, including steep narrow stairways, many passways and tiny windows. The paper examines the relationship between service design concepts and the management of visitors’ experiences and satisfaction within heritage setting.
77. Jamieson, Walter (1998). Cultural heritage tourism planning and development: Defining the field and its challenges. APT Bulletin 29 (3/4), pp.65-67
cultural heritage tourism defined as “travel concerned with experiencing the visual and performing arts, heritage buildings, areas, landscapes, and special lifestyles, values, traditions and events” (p.65)
“Strategic directions in cultural heritage tourism must be explored if cultural resources are to be protected and responsible, sustainable tourism activity is to occur” (p.65)
78. Michael, Ewen (2002). Antiques and tourism in Australia. Tourism Management 23, pp.117-125.
Commercial activities relating to selling antiques, collectables, memorabilia, and oldwares are substantial to regional economic development at least in the context of Australia. The paper “focuses on the antiques industry in non-metropolitan Victoria; nonetheless, it raises issues that may well be familiar to other regional environments where niche markets are componet parts of the domestic tourism product capable of supporting sustainable and non-intrusive forms of economic growth.” (p.117)
79. Li, Yiping; Lo, Raymond Lap Bong (2004). Applicability of the market appeal- robusticity matrix: a case study of heritage tourism. Tourism Management 25, pp. 789-800
The Market Appeal- Robusticity Matrix is highly effective for assessing the heritage tourism potential- An asset’s appeal to tourists and its ability to endure visitation.
80. McKercher, Bob and Ho, Pamela S.Y. (2006). Assessing the tourism potential of smaller cultural and heritage attractions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(5), pp.473-488
While their cultural and physical values were rated strongly, their tourism and experiential values were low. Indeed, a number of fatal flaws were identified that effectively precluded most of them from ever functioning as viable attractions. Remoteness, isolation from other attractions, small scale, a lack of uniqueness and poor setting exacerbated their weaknesses.
81. Boniface, Priscilla (2000). Behind the scenes: tourism, and heritage, in the periphery to the French Mediterranean coast. International Journal of Heritage Studies 6(2), pp.129-144
Peripheries need to develop a more positive and pro-active approach to tourism if they are to avoid either delivering the wrong product or experiencing stress, inundation and unsuitable intrusion due to tourism’s arrival in their midst. Areas do find coping methods.
p.141
The fundamental matter is that the periphery, while being realistic about conditioning and prevailing circumstances which will include recognising its inability to operate or stand completely alone and unaided, should move towards a greater position of power of decision and control concerning its touristic destiny and should develop strategies for its tourism which reflect this.
p.142
As part of its deliberations and assuming control of its activity in tourism, the periphery should have in mind and view the following:
- identifying accurately the type of periphery it represents in relation to its associated centre, and as a consequence deciding whether to offer difference or extension in terms of type of product;
- thoroughly knowing the chosen product of offer and any constraints, social, cultural, environmental or other type, upon the level and type of its consumption;
- finding accessible and viable target segments with tastes well in tune with the product offered;
- cultivating adequate standards of presentation and operation and to this end pursuing appropriate training and knowledge;
- providing adequate availability of information about the product including developing and projecting an appropriate and coherent image and addressing any inaccuracies of outside perception;
- within an area maximising resources by operating in concert and cooperatively;
- recognising and approaching positively a likely situation of some dependency upon outside facilities and advice;
- ensuring availability to the selected target segments of adequate access and communication. P. 143
Centre and periphery need to understand and work for the full benefits and wide role of tourism. P.143
82. Prideaux, Bruce(2002). Building visitor attractions in peripheral areas- can uniqueness overcome isolation to produce viability?. International Journal of Tourism Research 4, pp. 379-389
“Periphery is defined by a number of factors including distance, accessibility, visitor perceptions and scale, which can be measured from slightly peripheral to very peripheral, or exhibit location characteristics that describe the periphery as near or far”. P.380
The paper provides several issues of attractions in the peripheral areas. The issues are location and access factors, the community, supporting tourism infrastructure and viability.
83. Prideaux, Bruce (2002). Creating rural heritage visitor attractions- the Queensland Heritage Trails Project. International Journal of Tourism Research 4(4), pp.313-323
84. Trauer, Birgit (2006). Conceptualizing special interest tourism- tourism for analysis. Tourism Management 27, pp.183-200
“It can be claimed that image determines both demand and supply.” P.197
85. Carter, R.W. and Bramley (2002). Defining heritage values and significance for improved resource management: an application to Australian toruism. International Journal of Heritage Studies 8)3), pp.175-199
86. Henderson, Joan (2001). Heritage, identity and tourism in Hong Kong. International Journal of Heritage Studies 7(3), pp.219-235
The paper presented the importance of heritage which is a source and symbol of identity especially in the case of Hong Kong where the culture and values of the East meets the West and the meanings are subject to interpretation and modification. Tourism can reflect and reinforce the meanings of heritage. Tourism also supports the conservation of heritage and medium to improve cultural identity.
87. Jolliffe, Lee and Smith Ronnie (2001). Heritage, tourism and museums: the case of the North Atlantic islands of Skye, Scotland and Prince Edward Isalnd, Canada. International Journal of Heritage Studies 7 (2), PP.149-172
The study concludes that “Heritage tourism, and the products and experiences related to it, represent a growing attraction in international tourism and the museum is a potential partner in the development of heritage activities for tourists.” “The shared characteristics of tourism and museums provide a basis for the two to work together in the development of heritage tourism.” (p.149)
88. Maitland, Robert (2006). How can we manage the tourist-historic city? Tourism strategy in Cambridge, UK, 1978-2003. Tourism Management 27, pp.1262-1273
The paper contends that “locality factors, and the role of local regimes and policy communities are more important than national government policy in accounting for aims and policies. It suggests that tourism management issues are rarely finally resolved, and questions whether true ‘tourism management is currently achievable in a historic city.” (p.1262)
89. Notzke, Claudia (1999). Indigenous tourism development in the Artic. Annals of Tourism Research 26(1), pp. 55-76
The paper investigated the current trends of indigenous tourism development in Canada’s western Arctic region. “Some indigenous people are exploring innovative ways to harness tourism to support the traditional elements of their land-based economy, rather than being consumed by the industry. The ‘authenticity’ of this tourism experience represents a major asset as well as a significant management challenge.” (p.55)
90. Prentice, Richard; Anderson, Vivien (2007). Interpreting heritage essentialisms: Familiarity and felt history. Tourism Management 28, pp.661-676
The paper found out that “consumption is described as both experiential and empathetic. Despite wider agendas of motilities and integration, consumption is found to reflect visitors’ nationalities and affinities. Consumption is successfully modeled by combining nationality with a further dimension of cultural familiarity, heritage consumption.” (p.661)
“Essentialisms are literally the essence of culture and locality. Cultural essentialisms are collections of perceived continuities that differentiate groups externally and describe them internally. (p.661)
91. Burger, Joanna (2000). Landscapes, tourism, and conservation. The Science of the Total Environment 249, pp.39-49
The study suggested that “tourism recreating can be harnessed as a useful method of securing protection for a wide range of ecosystems. Although there are costs to tourism recreating, these costs can be mitigated with careful planning and management of both the people and the ecosystems. There are simply some ecosystems, and some species that are too delicate or vulnerable to disturbance to allow ecotourism.” (p.48)
92. McCain, Gary; Ray, Nina M. (2003). Legacy tourism: the search for personal meaning in heritage travel. Tourism Management 24, pp.713-717
“In recent years, the existence and nature of the heritage tourism market has attracted substantial attention in the tourism industry. There appears to be a sub-segment of the heritage market that consists of tourists who have a personal connection with their heritage beyond a general relationship of collective ancestry. Those that travel to engage in genealogical endeavors, to search for information on or to simply feel connected to ancestors and ancestral roots are categorized as legacy tourists. This paper describes the heritage tourism market, discusses distinguishing characteristics that identify legacy tourists, and emphasizes to tourism managers the importance of recognizing and responding to this segment.” (p.713)
93. Poria, Yaniv; Butler, Richard; and Airey, David (2004). Links between tourists, heritage, and reasons for visiting heritage sites. Journal of Travel Research 43, pp.19-28
Two factors affecting tourists’ motivations to visit heritage sites: site’s attributes and the tourists’ perception of the sites. The tourists’ perception of the sites linked to the tourists’ own heritage and willingness to be exposed to an emotional experience.
“Heritage tourism should be understood based on the relationship between the individual and the heritage presented and, more specifically, on the tourists’ perception of the site as part of their own heritage” (p.20)
94. Cohen-Hattab, Kobi and Kerber, Jenny (2004). Literature, cultural identity and the limits of authenticity: A composite approach. International Journal of Tourism Research 6, pp.57-73
Several questions need to be asked in order to understand textual representation of cultural identity: “first, it prompts questions about how religious, historical and national identities are formulated in and through the tourist site; second, it leads to an assessment of a site’s claim to status as a work of art that prompts aesthetic identification; and finally, it allows one to consider how other works of art — in this case, novelistic or poetic representations — both affirm and question identities presented by standard tourist literature.” (p.57)
“These alternative textual representations demonstrate not only how cultural identity as represented in the tourist site is an active site of struggle, but also present alternative politics of place and identity that enable a greater diversity of interpretations of the tourist site.” (p.57)
“Literature, like cultural identity, is an active site of struggle, a place where what it means to claim a particular identity — be it religious, national, or as part of a migrant group with a mythologised set of qualities — can be reinforced or challenged. As such, the creative literary approach can offer interpretations of the tourist site that might sometimes do a more adequate job of relaying its multiple social, historical and geographical particularities than more widely accepted forms of ‘tourist literature’. The sites themselves, the contemporary and historical contexts that inform them, and finally the experience of the tourists who visit these places might all be enriched by stories that continually strive to do justice to their engaging, contradictory and entertaining complexity.” (p.71)
95. McKercher, Bob and So-Ming, Billie Chow (2001). Cultural distance and participation cultural tourism. Pacific Tourism Review, Volume 5, pp. 21-30
Cultural distance refers to the extent to which the culture of the originating region differs from that of the host region. It is hypothesized in this article that cultural distance influences participation in cultural tourism, with visitors from more culturally distant source markets being more interested in cultural tourism than those from culturally proximate source markets. Through the comparison of visitor profiles, cultural tourism participation rates, and activities pursued, visitors to Hong Kong from three Asian and three Western source markets are examined. The article reveals that there are statistically significant differences between these two groups.
96. Du Cros, Hilary; Bauer, Thomas; Lo, Carlos; and Rui, Song (2005). Cultural heritage assets in China as sustainable tourism products: Case studies of the Hutongs and the Huanghua section of the Great Wall. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 13(2), pp. 171-194
The study investigates the role of the stakeholders in managing heritage tourism in Hutongs and Huanghua heritage sites in China. The study concluded that “The way a society manages its heritage assets may be also considered an important dimension of sustainable tourism for three primary reasons. First, the loss of heritage assets deprives future generations of tourists of opportunities for identification with history and traditions as they travel. Second, the use and reuse of heritage assets can improve resource productivity. Third, social justice principles are often violated when cultural heritage values are alienated or destroyed by the destruction, redevelopment, overuse or over-commercialisation of heritage assets.” (P.172)
(P.174)
97. Moulin, Claude and Boniface, Priscilla (2001). Routeing heritage for tourism: making heritage and cultural tourism networks for socio-economic development. International Journal of Heritage Studies 7 (3), pp. 237- 248
“[b]ecause of their essential structure and form, routes not only offer communities the opportunity of direct self-help but also allow each participating community along a route to benefit from being linked to the experiences, and the knowledge gained, of other participants. Heritage and tourism knowledge, and marketing and product-development expertise, are all necessary inputs to the successful operation of a route. These elements, if not found among route participants, need to be provided by those large-scale bodies that are introducing and encouraging the route initiatives overall.” (pp. 243-244)
(p.238)
98. Buckley, Ralf (2004). The effects of World Heritage Listing on tourism to Australian National Parks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 12(1), pp. 70-84
(Abstract) A time series of historical visitor data was used to test whether World Heritage Area (WHA) listing affected the total number or origins of visitors to Australian national parks. Only six of Australia’s 14WHAs have sufficient data to attempt such tests, and these data have significant shortcomings.Whilst visitor numbers at AustralianWHA’s are commonly up to an order ofmagnitude higher than at comparable control sites, this cannot necessarily be ascribed specifically to WH branding, but may be associated more with political controversy over listing. It does, however, appear thatWHdesignation yields significant increases in proportions of international visitors to individual sites.
99. Hall, C. Michael and Piggin, Rachel (2002). Tourism business knowledge of World Heritage Sites: a New Zealand case study. International Journal of Tourism Research 2, pp. 401-411
Based on the survey of tourism businesses at the Southwest New Zealand and Tongariro National Park World Heritage properties in New Zealand, the study found out the substantial lack of business knowledge regarding the values and the meanings of world heritage. There should have trainings or education for the business sector on understanding the importance of world heritage and its intrinsic value.
100. Tussyadiah, Iis P. (2005) Conference report: Tourism resource management of regional culture. Annals of Tourism Research 32(1), pp.275-277
Eugenio Yunis (WTO, Spain) noted that “balancing the objectives for tourism and conservation without harming the physical and spiritual value of the heritage is the key for managing tangible heritages, while that for managing intangible heritage is authenticity. Since authenticity is crucial to the attractiveness of a destination with intangible heritage, local authorities need to protect the sustainability of authenticity through continuous regeneration of skills and values.” ( Tussyadiah, 2005:276)
101. Simpson, Fiona (1999). Tourist impact in the historic centre of Prague: Resident and visitor perceptions of the historic built environment. The Geographical Journal 165(2), pp.173-183
